Guns Galore, Solutions Scarce

The Pakistan Muslim League (a political party) caught my eye the other day with an intriguing post on Guns Galore on their blog. Moving beyond my confused expression upon discovery of such a blog, I found the post surprisingly candid. I do not know how reliable its claims are or what its internal or public sources might be. However, I will be generous for a moment and give them the benefit of the doubt (but read quickly; this may literally only last a moment). If there is any validity to these statistics, the problem is even more rampant than imagined. A few lines particularly jumped out at me:

We have laws to regulate gun ownership and usage but they are widely flouted, and anybody who really wants a gun and has the money and contacts can be armed and dangerous within hours – minutes in some areas. Our elected representatives to federal and provincial assemblies all have a “quota” of firearms licences that they can issue to favoured constituents, and there are any number of “security guards” who tote a range of weaponry with an indifferent set of skills when it comes to usage. Add to this the millions of weapons that are in private hands, unlicensed and undeclared but lying under beds or in cupboards against domestic intrusion or just to keep handy in case of trouble, and you have a population that is armed out of all proportion to the need to physically protect itself. The recent case of “mis-declaration” is one of a chain stretching back years, has the connivance of “influentials” and corrupt customs officials and is unlikely to be broken by any half-hearted “investigation”.

What is surprising about this besides the colorful language? The accelerating speed of acquisition. The existence and admittance of a quota system. The trend of unlicensed private ownership (assumed here to refer to non-combatants and non-militants) despite the provisions for legal ownership. And not least of all, the acknowledgement of a population that “is armed out of all proportion to the need to physically protect itself.” If these are recognized problems, where are the efforts to address them? What am I missing here? Violence begets more violence and for many in India and Pakistan, escaping the vicious cycle is implausible or impossible if it dares to threaten their survival. The governments complain about insecurities arising from their neighbors (ie, each other) and yet it is the inability of these governments to effectively cut this cycle that actually further solidifies it for locals in far off villages. If the government cannot assure your security on a general level, if you have to answer to violent actors with nowhere else to go, if you are driven to acquire illegal guns just in case… Well what is the answer then?

smallarmssasia

Old News That Remains New (II)

In January of this year, The Guardian published a useful brief Licensed to Kill? How Gun Laws Vary Around the World. The brief presents a two-line summary of gun laws in 16 countries around the world. Since it is so short, I am including the entire text of the brief below.

Australia: Ownership is strictly prohibited unless there are “genuine reasons” such as licensed sport, animal control or employment requirements.

Brazil: If you are over 25 and have registered a weapon, you are free to keep it indoors. The country has the second-highest gun-related death rate after the US.

Canada:  Significantly stricter than the neighbouring US. To acquire a licence, applicants must undertake a safety course, pass a criminal records check and be certified by a firearms officer.

China: Civilians are not allowed guns, except for hunting and protection from wildlife. The illegal sale of arms can be punished by death sentence.

India: Gun ownership is a “privilege” under the Arms Act of 1959, allowing civilians to have a licence if they can prove that there is a “threat to life”.

Czech Republic: Liberal laws compared with the rest of Europe. Applicants must pass a questionnaire on firearms, have no criminal record and show ID proving they are over 21.

Austria: Also liberal. Guns are classified by four categories – the lowest, for non-repeating shotguns, requires no registration for over-18s.

Germany: The Federal Weapons Act (1972) restricts everything apart from replica guns to over-18s, who must pass checks for “trustworthiness, knowledge and adequacy”.

Italy: Citizens can have up to three “common” handguns in their home, but if they want to hunt or carry a concealed weapon they must apply for a licence.

Japan: Licensing requirements are strict and gun deaths are among the lowest in the world.

Mexico: Strict laws apply for ownership, including criminal records checks. However, there are growing concerns that smuggling from the US is undermining these regulations.

Norway: Since 1989, no registration has been required for buying a shotgun over the counter. There are an estimated 500,000 unregistered guns in homes. However, gun crime is very low.

Russia: Hand guns and fully automatics are prohibited, but over-18s with no criminal record can apply for a licence for shotguns and air rifles. Self defence is not an excuse for carrying firearms outside the home.

Switzerland: All able-bodied men between 20 and 34 are required to have fully automatic firearms in their homes in case of a call-up to the army under the doctrine of “universal conscription”. Others may own weapons for hunting but need a licence. A referendum is to be held next year to determine whether stricter gun laws should be introduced.

UK: Anyone sentencved to three years or more in prison is banned from holding a licence. A licence is needed for any firearm except low-powered air rifles/pistols. Self-defence is not a valid reason for ownership. The country has one of the world’s lowest gun crime rates.

USA: Fully automatic firearms are legal in most states. However, you need a criminal records check and must pay $200 registration tax. In 2004, there were 29,569 gun-related deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

© 2011 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved.

smallarmssasia

Some Useful South Asia Resources

As promised, below is an initial list of some useful resources specific to South Asia. I am certain that there is much more research to be discovered, so please add to my findings if you can. These are just some interesting starting pieces I have come across. Without further ado…

Some South Asia Specific Blogs & Online Sources:

• Control Arms Foundation of India (CAFI)
  • Link: CAFI
  • Comments: CAFI is a local NGO working towards diminishing the proliferation of and violence by small arms in the region. Since this blog focuses on South Asia, CAFI will be a good starting point to look at local initiatives, partnerships, efforts, and networks that are emerging. CAFI covers a wide range of issues in the Indian context, with relevant news updates and reports on India’s progress towards the Arms Trade Treaty as well as compliance with the UN Program of Action to Prevent, Combat, and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons.

• Alliance for Peace and Disability Rights (APDR)
  • Link: APDR
  • Comments: APDR is an NGO registered to Pakistan (and the UK). One of its focus areas is disarmament, peace, and conflict prevention in Pakistan and its surrounding area. APDR serves as a valuable lens to look at local efforts in Pakistan, which seemingly has one of the worst cases of small arms proliferation to NSAGs – especially militant groups.

• Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU)
• Link: PSRU
• Comments: A research organization attached to the University of Bradford, PSRU serves more as a point of reference than an object of analysis. It provides links and reports relevant to the topic and is good for navigational purposes on this rather complex issue. While PSRU provides research on all aspects of Pakistan’s security, it does also have a section devoted specifically to small arms and light weapons with useful information.

• India Armed Violence Assessment (IAVA)
  • Link: IAVA
  • Comments: A research arm of The Graduate Institute in Geneva and the Small Arms Survey, IAVA is one of the only organizations conducting in-depth research on the causes and elements of all forms of armed violence in India. IAVA’s spectrum covers armed violence across several types of actors, including crime, militancy, terrorism, insurgency, separatism, social conflict, and even gender violence.

Some South Asia Specific Books & Reports:

• Banerjee, Dipankar and Robert Muggah. “Small Arms and Human Insecurity: Reviewing Participatory Research in South Asia.” Regional Centre for Strategic Studies. July 2002.
  • Link: Small Arms and Human Insecurity
  • Comments: This paper is a joint effort (by Small Arms Survey and the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies) to study the progress and potential of the movement against illegal small arms in South Asia. It uniquely explores local approaches and techniques and frames the issue as one of human insecurity from a “subjective” rather than “objective” standpoint – meaning that while it considers data and records, it does so for the ultimate purpose of assessing “the experience of people living in conflict zones and how the presence of small arms is conceived in relation to their personal security.”

• “India’s States of Armed Violence: Assessing the Human Cost and Political Priorities.” Small Arms Survey Issue Brief No.1. Small Arms Survey. September 2011.
  • Link: India’s States of Armed Violence
  • Comments: This brief concentrates on three particular problem areas within the larger armed violence issue in India: (1) insurgency; (2) terrorism; and (3) criminal violence. Each area is addressed through an assessment of trends and patterns as well as government action, spending, and policy. The brief emphasizes a lacking focus on the domestic side of the issue by the Indian government, which tends to emphasize international threats more greatly. Accordingly, the authors encourage greater attention on criminal elements, which leads to a large (and often understated) portion of India’s casualties.

• “India and the Arms Trade Treaty.” Oxfam Briefing Note. September 2006.
  • Link: India and the Arms Trade Treaty
  • Comments: This paper was published immediately prior to the October 2006 UN General Assembly – which was to focus heavily on the arms trade and the potential for an international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). Accordingly, the briefing advocates India’s participation and poses three chief reasons the ATT should be supported by India: (1) the ATT matches India’s own values and fits with India’s constitution; (2) the illegal arms trade is greatly harming India’s own citizens; and (3) the ATT would not hinder India’s legitimate arms production or trade, which remains one of the government’s main concerns.

• Malik, Salma and Mallika Joseph. Small Arms and the Security Debate in South Asia. Manohar Publishers: New Delhi, 2005.
  • Comments: Where much of the regional literature on small arms tends to focus on specific issues and occurrences of the problem, this book is one of the few to begin the discussion from a different perspective. It aims to situate the problem itself within the broader theoretical debate on security. The authors pose and attempt to address important questions that often get brushed over, particularly relating to why the small arms problem in South Asia is in fact a security threat. Moving beyond traditional assumptions that nation-building in South Asia will inherently be a violent process (as it was with the West as well), the authors attempt to look at the particular historical causes for this violent process in South Asia.

• Kartha, Tara. “Controlling the Black and Gray Markets in Small Arms in South Asia” in Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence. Eds. Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael T. Klare. Carnegie Corporation: New York, 1999.
  • Comments: This chapter points to the critical (but often ignored) distinction between the black and gray illegal arms markets in South Asia. Neither of these are new markets, but both have thrived in an unprecedented way due to the war in Afghanistan. While the black market is primarily profit-driven, the gray market is not. The latter “involves the machinery of the state in some form, notably where the government (or its agent) has either assisted in or turned a blind eye to illicit arms transfers originating from within its own territory or being organized by its national operating in other countries” (Boutwell and Klare, p. 51). This is a significant phenomenon in South Asia in light of states’ contributions to the arming of rebel, militant, or extremist groups – certainly a trend in India and Pakistan, but also in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Some South Asia Specific Articles & Speeches:

• Kapila, Subhash. “South Asia: Proliferation of Small Arms and its Impact on India’s Security.” Trancript. South Asia Analysis Group. March 2006.
  • Link: South Asia: Proliferation of Small Arms
  • Comments: Echoing Kofi Annan’s famous description of small arms as the real weapons of mass destruction, Kapila depicts South Asia as undisputable evidence of this reality. In a succinct and direct manner, he guides the audience through major observations and deductions on the region’s propensity for small arms proliferation before delving deeper into India’s particular challenges and vulnerabilities. It is all tied together with an analysis of the impact on India’s security – from strategic, political, economic, energy, and societal perspectives.

• Arputharaj, W. James. “The Crisis in South Asia.” Frontline Magazine. September 2001.
  • Link: The Crisis in South Asia
  • Comments: This brief article is useful for what it calls to attention. One important observation is that there is not enough regional cooperation to solve the issue of small arms proliferation in South Asia – unlike the more concerted efforts being made in Africa and Europe, for instance. The article also sets forth the characterization of India and Pakistan as suppliers as well as end-users of small arms, both legal and illegal. This may seem obvious, but it is interesting when the author contrasts these two countries with the others in South Asia – not all of which play the roles of both, broker and client.

• Sarwari, Bilal. “Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons.” Pakistan Law. 17 January 2010.
  • Link: Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
  • Comments: This article looks at the small arms trade and manufacturing industry in Pakistan, breaking it down into three types of domestic producers: (1) the state-owned and public sector enterprise; (2) private manufacturers – which often operates under state license and regulation; and (3) the cottage industry – which escapes state supervision (including the Darra and Landi Kotal markets). The piece is useful for an initial understanding of how these three segments of the overall small arms market in Pakistan functions and who the key actors within it are.

• Gautam, Col. P.K. “Proliferation of Small Arms in South Asia and Human Security.” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. 18 January 2003.
  • Link: Proliferation of Small Arms in South Asia
  • Comments: Though brief, this article points out quite a few useful considerations on the topic. It discusses the proliferation of small arms in South Asia in the context of three 21^st century trends: (1) most armed conflict has shifted from inter- to intra-state with the end of the 20^th century; (2) international disarmament efforts still tend to focus more on traditional weapons of mass destruction (especially nuclear ones) at the cost of offering sufficient attention to small arms – the main weapon used in such intrastate violence; and (3) civilians are now beginning to account for the highest percentage of casualties in small arms violence. The author argues that these factors should be a call to action for the international community.

smallarmssasia

Background and Significance

When one thinks of the international arms trade, what generally comes to mind are the state-to-state transactions, the multinational companies, and the myriad treaties regulating an endless list of weapon types. What is often glanced over in this fleeting image is the underground international arms trade. This invisible part of the international arms market has gained as much from globalization as the legal weapons industry. For many buyers, it has provided a way to stay under the radar. More importantly, it has provided this with less hassle, less fees, less supervision, less regulation, and less accountability than the legal market – from economic, political, legal, and moral standpoints.

Non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have largely been the target customer as well as the prime broker of small arms sold on the black market. There is an irony in the fact that the suppliers and the demanders of small arms must often rely on each other as lifeblood. These mutually dependent actors may not, and often do not, share ideologies or beliefs; issues or grievances. Yet business underground, it turns out, is not too different from business above ground.

Since the end of the Cold War, more so than ever before, there has been a substantive and exponential rise in the illegal smuggling and trading of small arms. In the last two decades, there has been a correspondingly powerful (but perhaps not powerful enough) international movement to control small arms. This movement has grown into a transnational advocacy network with the involvement of the United Nations and international NGOs. Regional and local groups have also been critical to the exchange of information and the drawing of attention to the violence and casualties caused by small arms.

This blog will focus on efforts in South Asia, particularly in India and Pakistan. The reason for choosing this region is that it is one of the most deeply affected areas in the world when it comes to small arms proliferation and violence. Recently, there seems to be growing interest from international actors to address the problem here. This could be because the overall global campaign is itself broadening its reach. It could also be because the war in Afghanistan has forced the world to witness the reality of small arms violence in the region.  Pakistan and India are geospatially fated to the causes and effects at play here. Needless to say, these two countries are also entangled in their own messy relationship – one that emphatically fuels small arms violence in the region.

smallarmssasia